Enforcement of Security through Auction and Its Practical Limits

The enforcement of security through public auction remains a primary mechanism available to creditors in addressing debtor default under Indonesian law. This authority is grounded in Law No. 4 of 1996 on Mortgage (“Mortgage Law”), particularly Article 20, which entitles the first-ranking mortgage holder to sell the secured asset through a public auction. Such entitlement […]

Business Partnerships and Trademark Ownership: The Risks of Informal Business Structures

Business growth often moves faster than legal structuring. Many businesses begin through personal relationships, informal role-sharing, or collaborations built primarily on trust. At an early stage, such arrangements may appear practical and efficient. However, as a business gains greater commercial value, the absence of clear arrangements regarding ownership, authority, and intellectual property rights may gradually […]

International Agreement

According to the definition provided by the International Law Commission (ILC), a treaty is any agreement that is formulated in written form, which may consist of a single instrument or multiple separate instruments, made by two or more states or other subjects of international law, and governed by international law, regardless of the terminology used. […]

UNCLOS 1982 and Its Provisions for Global Maritime Governance

The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), adopted by UN member states in 1982, serves as the comprehensive legal framework governing the rights and obligations of States concerning the use of oceans, exclusive economic zones (EEZs), claims to marine resources, and the preservation of the marine environment. UNCLOS comprises 17 parts addressing […]