Between Confusion and Certainty: Trademark Protection Under Indonesia’s First-to-File System

Trademark infringement is often assumed to depend on the similarity between marks. Trademarks that resemble one another visually, in sound, or conceptually are generally considered likely to create confusion in the marketplace. In the Indonesian context, however, that assumption does not always apply. The outcome of a trademark dispute is not determined solely by similarity, […]

Due Diligence as a Key Stage in Mergers and Acquisitions Transactions

Due diligence constitutes a critical stage in mergers and acquisitions (M&A) transactions, aimed at assessing the overall condition of a target company from both legal and commercial perspectives. Through this process, prospective investors or acquiring parties are able to identify risks, uncover potential liabilities, and ensure that the contemplated transaction is viable. Beyond a mere […]

When “Different” Starts Looking the Same: Online Lending Competition Under KPPU’s Lens

The rapid expansion of Indonesia’s online lending industry has not only generated service innovation, but has also created new dynamics in competition law. Business actors are expected to remain agile and responsive to market developments, yet they operate within the clear constraints established by Law No. 5 of 1999 concerning the Prohibition of Monopolistic Practices […]

Enforcement of Security through Auction and Its Practical Limits

The enforcement of security through public auction remains a primary mechanism available to creditors in addressing debtor default under Indonesian law. This authority is grounded in Law No. 4 of 1996 on Mortgage (“Mortgage Law”), particularly Article 20, which entitles the first-ranking mortgage holder to sell the secured asset through a public auction. Such entitlement […]

Business Partnerships and Trademark Ownership: The Risks of Informal Business Structures

Business growth often moves faster than legal structuring. Many businesses begin through personal relationships, informal role-sharing, or collaborations built primarily on trust. At an early stage, such arrangements may appear practical and efficient. However, as a business gains greater commercial value, the absence of clear arrangements regarding ownership, authority, and intellectual property rights may gradually […]

Corporate Legal Services in Indonesia

Companies operating in Indonesia often face challenges in running their business smoothly, and many of these challenges are related to legal matters. These are not only about regulatory compliance, but also about managing risks and making the right business decisions. As business activities continue to evolve, including changes in workforce and regulations, companies need legal […]

Understanding Employment Law in Indonesia: A Practical Guide for Foreign Companies

We understand that you are reading this because you are exploring or securing business opportunities in Indonesia, one of Southeast Asia’s largest and fastest growing markets. This guide is designed to provide you with a clear and practical overview of Indonesian employment law by answering the most frequently asked questions from foreign investors and international […]

International Agreement

According to the definition provided by the International Law Commission (ILC), a treaty is any agreement that is formulated in written form, which may consist of a single instrument or multiple separate instruments, made by two or more states or other subjects of international law, and governed by international law, regardless of the terminology used. […]